CARBOHYDRATES i.e. organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Composed of the elements C, H, O with a comparison of 1 atoms 2 atoms C, H, O atom 1. carbohydrates are present in many plants and animals that play a role in structural metabolic &. whereas in plants for synthesis of CO2 + H2O which produces starch/cellulose, through the process of photosynthesis, while Animals cannot produce carbohydrates so that depending on the plants. so depending on the plants. Carbohydrates are a source of energy and energy reserves, which through the process of metabolism.
Various Food in our daily meals
Many of the foods we eat once a day day is a carbohydrate such as suber: rice/rice, singkung, tubers, wheat germ, sago, corn, potatoes, and some other fruits, etc.
The general formula of carbohydrates namely Cn (H2O) m, whereas the most widely understood i.e. glucose: C6H12O6, sucrose: C12H22O11, sellulosa: (C6H10O5) n
Classification Of Carbohydrates:
1. Monosaccharides: consists of 3-6 atom C and this substance can no longer hydrolyzed by acid solution in water into simpler carbohydrates.
cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form. following various Monosaccharides: with its main characteristic has a number of different C atoms are: triosa, tetrosa (C3) (C4), pentosa (C5), heksosa (C6), heptosa (C7).
Triosa: Gliserosa, Gliseraldehid, Dihidroksi acetone
Tetrosa: threosa, Erythrose, xylulosa
Pentosa: Lyxosa, Xilosa, Arabinosa, Ribose, Ribulosa Hexosa: Galactose, glucose, fructose, Heptosa Mannosa: Sedoheptulosa
The general formula of carbohydrates namely Cn (H2O) m, whereas the most widely understood i.e. glucose: C6H12O6, sucrose: C12H22O11, sellulosa: (C6H10O5) n
Classification Of Carbohydrates:
1. Monosaccharides: consists of 3-6 atom C and this substance can no longer hydrolyzed by acid solution in water into simpler carbohydrates.
cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form. following various Monosaccharides: with its main characteristic has a number of different C atoms are: triosa, tetrosa (C3) (C4), pentosa (C5), heksosa (C6), heptosa (C7).
Triosa: Gliserosa, Gliseraldehid, Dihidroksi acetone
Tetrosa: threosa, Erythrose, xylulosa
Pentosa: Lyxosa, Xilosa, Arabinosa, Ribose, Ribulosa Hexosa: Galactose, glucose, fructose, Heptosa Mannosa: Sedoheptulosa
2. Disaccharides: its compounds are formed from two molecules of monosaccharide wrote a kind or not. Disaccharide can be hydrolyzed by acid solution in water so that it breaks down into 2 molecules of monosaccharides. hydrolysis: consists of 2 monosakatida sucrose: glucose + fructose (1-2 C) maltose: 2 glucose (C 1-4) trehalosa; 2 glucose (C1-1) Lactose; glucose + Galactose (C1-4).
3. Oligosakarida: a compound consisting of a combined molekul2 combined a lot of sugar 3-6 Monosaccharides hydrolyzed: composite of 3-6 Monosaccharides such as maltotriosa
4. Polysaccharide compounds consisting of a combined monosaccharide molecules are many in number, these compounds can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharide molecules. A polysaccharide is a type of carbohydrate that consists of the more straight-chain monosaccharide with 6/branch.
Various polisarida:
1. STARCH/flour-a-glycosidic linkage chain (glucose) n: glukosan/glucan-Amylose (15-20%): helix, not branched-Amylopectin (80-85%): branching-consists of 24-30 glucose residues,-Deposit of carbohydrates in plants, Iod tests: C1-bond blue-4: straight-the bond C1-6: branching points
2. GLYCOGEN-animal-Glukosan polysaccharide Deposits (chain a)-many-Iod branch-chain tests: red
3. INULIN-starch in root/tuber specific plants,-Fruktosan-, warm-water soluble can determine the speed of filtration glomeruli. Iod tests negative
4. DEKSTRIN from the hydrolysis of starch
5. CELLULOSE (plant fiber) – the main constituent of plant framework-not water-soluble-b-unit is comprised of indigestible mammals (enzymes to break down the bonds no beta)-Gut ruminantia, herbivores there are microorganisms can break the bonds of beta: can cellulose as a source of carbohydrates.
6. Group KHITIN-polysaccharide-(unit N-acetyl-D-glucosamine b1-4)
7. GLIKOSAMINOGLIKAN-complex carbohydrates-a (+ uronat acid, amine) of the network e.g. bone, elastin, collagen-sample: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate
8. GLYCOPROTEIN-found in body fluids and tissues — are found in the cell membrane-Protein + carbohydrates
Sugar shows a variety of isomers of TWO STEREOISOMERS: a compound with the same formula but a different structure configurations of its spatial-Isomer of D, L-Ring pyranoses, furanosa The anomeric-a, b-epimer (glucose, Galactose, mannose)-Isomer of aldoses, ketoses.
The following brief explanation of steps in the metabolism of carbohydrates
1. GLYCOLYSIS: where glucose is metabolized into pyruvic (aerobic) produce energy (8 ATP) or lactate (anerob) produces (2 ATP). the next acetyl-CoA--Krebs Cycle--> > oxidative phosphorylation--> chains respiration--> CO2 + H2O (30 ATP).
2. GLIKOGENESIS: process of change glucose into glycogen. In Hepar/liver function: to maintain blood sugar levels. whereas in Muscle muscle own interests aims: in need of energy.
3. GLIKOGENOLISIS: change process glycogen into glucose. or the opposite of GLIKOGENESIS.
4. PENTOSA PHOSPHATE PATHWAYS: nucleotide synthesis results for ribose nucleic acid, and reducing equivalents (NADPH) (the biosynthesis of fatty acids and other.)
5. GLUCONEOGENESIS: non-carbohydrate compounds (pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, amino acids glukogenik) become--> glucose.
6. TRIOSA PHOSPHATE: part gliseol of the TAG (FAT)
7. CYCLE BETWEEN COMPOUND & PYRUVATE KREBS: for the synthesis of amino acids--> acetyl-CoA--> for synthesis fatty acids cholesterol--& > steroids
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